Minggu, 28 Februari 2010

Structures II & IV


STRUCTURES II

Question Tags

Question tags adalah suatu kata atau kalimat yang digunakan untuk memberikan pertanyaan dan meminta orang yang diajak bicara setuju dengan pendapat kita. Question tags adalah kalimat Tanya yang hanya untuk menegaskan sesuatu, biasanya ekor kalimatnya (tag) diterjemahkan dengan kata “bukankah?”

Contoh:
1.You are a student, aren’t you?
2.He was at school, wasn’t he?
3.You will leave, won’t you?
4.You not a nurse, are you?
5.They haven’t left, have they?
6.He wasn’t at home, was he?
7.Come tomorrow, will you?
8.Be careful, will you?

Modal Used to

Used to biasanya diartikan dengan kata “Dahulunya” atau menjelaskan kebiasaan di masa lampau.

Contoh:
1.I used to go to school every morning when I was a student.
2.We used to have a big house.





















Structures IV
Modals

Modals = to express the speaker’s feeling to an activity (action)

A.May = can
Contoh:
1.She may open her book. = Mr. Abay permitted her to open her book.
2.She might open her book. = Mr. Abay felt (thought) it is possible for her to open hr book.
3.She might have opened her book = kemungkinan besar sudah membuka buku.

May is used to shoe permission.
Contoh : May I borrow your pen.

May is used to show possibility
Contoh:
- He maybe at the library.
- He maybe have been at the library = kemungkinan tadi dia berada diperpustakaan.

B.Might is used to show possibility (great possibility)
Contoh:
Abay might be at home now

Might is used to show polite question of permission
Contoh:
Might I borrow your pen.


C.“Harus” There are three expressions in English :
Must = Bila yang mewajibkan adalah yang mengucapkan kalimat.
Have to = yang meharuskan adalah pihak ketiga.
Be to = keharusan didahului persetujuan/necessity comes after agreement.
Should = Seharusnya

“Must” wajib
“Should” ada alternative berupa saran.

Should is used to show ad visibility →Saran
Contoh: You should stay at home (kamu sebaiknya tetap di rumah).

Should is used to show expectation =harapan, keinginan
Contoh : The bus shuld be here soon (Bus dikehendaki segera disini)

Must is used to show necessity
Contoh: He must stay here until to night.

Must is used to show probability = pasti, mesti.
Contoh : He must speak Banjar very well (dia pasti bias berbicara bahasa Banjar dengan baik).

D.Ought to = Should adalah auxiliary yang bermakna saran.

E.Dare (berani) : I dare jump out to window.

F.Can is used to show ability = dapat, bias, sanggup.
Contoh : I can speak Japanese.

Can is used to permission = Ijin
Contoh : You can use my pen.
Can I borrow your pen?

G.Could is used to show past ability.
Contoh : I could speak French when I was in SMA
He could come here yesterday.

Could is used to show polite questions.
Contoh : Could I borrow your pen?
Could you please take a message?
Structures I

Ada 4 macam auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu)

1.Kelompok to be = be, is, am, are, was, were.
2.Kelompok Do = do, does, did.
3.Kelompok Have = have, has, had.
4.Kelompok modal = can – could, may – might, must, shall - should, will – would, ought to, need, dare, used to, supposed to.

To be diperlukan ketika = a. Predikat kalimat kata benda (noun)
b. Predikat kalimat kata sifat (adjective)
c. Kalimat bermakna sedang
d. Kalimat bermakna pasif
e. Kalimat berpredikat kata keterangan

contoh a : This is a book. (noun)
contoh b : He is angry. (adjective)
contoh c : we are studying.
contoh d : Banana is eaten by monkey.
contoh e : My house is their.

Penggunaan Do, Does, Did

1.Saya membaca = I read - I do not read – Do I read?
2.Dia membaca = He reads – He doesn’t read – Does he read?
3.Saya menulis kemaren = I wrote yesterday – I didn’t write – Did I write?
4.Dia menulis kemaren = He wrote yesterday – He didn’t write - Did he write?



TENSES

Tense adalah bentuk verb (kata kerja) yang (terlepas dari sejumlah kasus khusus) menyiratkan waktu yang berkaitan dengan perbuatan, kejadian, yang diungkapkan dalam suatu kalimat.

A.Present Continuous Tense

Rumus : Subject + to be (is/am/are) + Present Participle (Ing-Form)

1.Menyatakan kejadian itu terjadi pada saat berbicara. Example : I am teaching (sedang mengajar).
2.Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dalam periode sekarang walaupun pada saat berbicara aksi tidak terjadi. Example : I am reading an interesting Novel at the moment.
3.Perubahan yang terjadi sekarang. Example : a. The population of the world is rising very fast.
4.Menyatakan situasi sementara. Example : I am living with some friends I find the flat.

B.Simple Present Tense

Rumus : I/we/you/they Infinitive
He/she/it Infinitive + s
1.Dipakai untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan karena kebiasaan.
2.Dipakai intuk menyatakan kebenaran umum yang tidak dapat dibantah.

Contoh:
1.The water boils at 100ยบ C
2.Excuse me, do you speak English?
3.It doesn’t rain very much in summer.
4.My parents live in London.
5.What do you usually do at weekends?
6.He drives.
7.It runs.
8.Father watches.
9.I drive.
10.They run.
11.Father and mother watch.

C.Simple Past Tense

Rumus : S+V2+O
1.Dipakai untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang selesai dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
2.Menerangkan suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa yang berlaku pada masa lalu.
Contoh:
1.I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop
2.Did you go out last night?
3.I went out last night but I didn’t enjoy the party
4.Were you a student two years ago?
5.I was a student two years ago.

I
Am


Was



Been
He
She
It

Is



You
Were
They

Are

Were



C.Past Continuous Tense

Rumus : S + To Be (Was/Were) + Ing + O

1.Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau Time expression-nya berupa dua buah keterangan waktu.
2.Menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah dimulai dan masih berlangsung ketika perbuatan lain menyusul pada waktu lampau.
3.Mengungkapkan suatu hal, aktivitas, atau kejadianyang mengandung makna berangsur-angsur, atau tahap demi tahap, dan sebagainya.
4.Untuk mengungkapkan dua hal atau aktivitas yang pada saat itu (saat tertentu) secara bersamaan sedang dilakukan atau sedang berlangsung. Tentu saja saat dimulainya kedua pekerjaan tersebut tidaklah harus bersamaan. Kata penghubung yang sering dipergunakan adalah “while” (pada saat sedang).

Contoh :
1.Yesterday Abay and Dian played tennis. They began at ten o’clock and finish at 11.30, so, They were playing tennis at 10.30.
2.I was waiting for you at four o’clock yesterday.
3.He was correcting your home work last night.
4.I was walking home when I met Dian.
5.Abay was watching TV when the phone rang.

D.Present Perfect Tense

Rumus : I/we/you/they Have + Past Participle
He/she/it Has + Past Participle

1.Dipakai untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan masih ada kaitannya dengan waktu sekarang.
2.Menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi.
3.Menunjukkan suatu perbuatan ulangan pada waktu lampau yang tidak tertentu sebelum sekarang. Dalam hal ini sering dipakai kata-kata seperti: before, already, never, yet.
4.Menunjukkan perbuatan yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat. Dalam hal ini dipakai kata-kata seperti: at last, finally, just, recently.

Contoh :
1.She has taught English since five years ago.
2.I have lived here for three years.
3.I have seen it.
4.I have heard this before.
5.Have you ever been there?
6.The time has at last arrived.
7.I have lost my key.